Why Commonplace Books?
Knowledge workers have always needed ways to organize their
knowledge for future retrieval, memory, and thought support. The classic
commonplace book method is simple enough to be used by high school students,
and robust enough to be used by professors and advanced scholars. We have to
take notes in such a way that, as we go, we do our future writing and put it
all in one place (Ahrens 2017, 140). “Read with a pen in your hand, take smart
notes and make connections between them. Ideas will come by themselves and your
writing will develop from there” (Ahrens 2017, 151).
Kinds of Commonplace Books
For an all-analog system for a Lutheran theologian, there will be
four kinds of notebooks: (1) Biblical Commonplaces. (2) Systematic
Commonplaces. (3) Bibliography. (4) Index.
Organization of the Commonplace Books
The parts of the Commonplace Book include the following.
Title: The kind of Commonplace Book it is: biblical, systematic,
index, or bibliography.
Volume letter: Biblical and systematic volumes are in separate
sequences. The first systematic volume is A, the second is B, and so on. The
first biblical volume is βΑ, the second is βΒ, the third is βC, and so on. (The
Greek letter β stands for βιβλικός, “biblical.”)
Volume index (1–2 pages): It indexes the content of this
particular notebook.
Content pages: I recommend filling up notebooks from start to
finish, and thus using every page. If you try to allocate a set amount of pages
to certain topics, inevitably many if not most of the pages will remain blank
forever. Also, at the beginning of your career you do not know where your
future interests will lead. Therefore a simple, haphazard way of assigning page
topics is needed. When indexed, these randomly arranged pages are easy to find.
Only one Bible chapter is assigned per page (in biblical notebooks), and only
one headword letter combination (in systematic notebooks) is assigned per page.
Instructions on headword letter combinations will be given below in the section
on Systematic Commonplace Books.
Title of page: This is a chapter of the Bible (in biblical), or a
headword letter combination (in systematic notebooks).
Page number: After the index, content pages are numbered
sequentially: 1, 2, 3, ...
Left margin: The area left of the red line is used for headwords
(in systematic) or verse numbers (in biblical notebooks).
Header and footer: The top of the header is used for the page
title. Content notes begin above the first line. Reserve a footer of 3–4 lines
for overflow text or future short notes. Extra space in the header can serve
this purpose, too, if the footer is filled.
Notetaking
Fleeting notes: Read with a scratch piece of paper and pen or
pencil. As you read, write down the ideas of the book very briefly with their
page numbers. This is like your personal index for this book or article. These
are called “fleeting notes” or in Latin, conjectanea. Some of these
fleeting notes can be rough drafts (half-baked ideas) of what you will put into
your commonplaces. These notes are soon discarded, after they have been
pondered and turned into permanent notes, or else rejected. Be sure also to add
to your bibliography and index before discarding your fleeting notes.
Permanent notes: Go through your fleeting notes and think about
what might be relevant for the notes that are already in your commonplaces. If
need be, write a draft of what you will put into the commonplaces. After
waiting a few days, if the draft still seems worthy to put into your
commonplaces, add it to the proper place and add cross-references. Further
instructions will be given below in the section on Systematic Commonplace
Books.
Project notes: These are notes that have been written for a
particular writing project. They are drawn either from the permanent notes or
from other reading (fleeting notes). After a writing project is finished, these
notes are either discarded or archived (Ahrens 2017, 41–42).
Biblical Commonplace Books
Record exegetical notes on the Bible in these. They are organized
by chapter of the Bible. One may choose to keep separate notebooks for the OT
and NT. Organization of the notebook: The volume title will be “Biblical
Commonplaces,” and the volume number will be a letter. Perhaps you can add a β
on the title page in front of the volume letter, to make clear that this is a
biblical commonplace volume. For the volume index, put the abbreviation for
each book of the Bible (perhaps just OT or NT) to the left of the red line, one
book per line. A page can be assigned to only one Bible chapter, but the pages
are not assigned in advance. Whenever you need a page for a particular Bible
chapter, title the page appropriately and put the page number in the volume
index. In the index, put the chapter number on the line for the book, draw a
box around it, and put the first page number beside it. For example:
2 Tim. | [2] 45
There is no need to index additional pages that are set aside for
the same chapter, since they will be cross-referenced from the first page of
that chapter. Keep a footer of four rows for overflow. (See illustration “Biblical
Index”.)
Each content page handles just one chapter of the Bible. At the top of the page, write the book name and chapter number. The rest of the header space is for the outline of the chapter. If possible, fill this out right away, all on one or two lines. (Other lines of the header could be used for different ways of outlining the chapter.) Also include in the header the verses of the chapter that appear in your church’s lectionary. The left margin of the page is reserved for verse numbers. These do not have to be in numerical order. Since the numbers are clearly indicated in the margin, it is easy to find material on any given verse.
First compare the most important versions (translations), such as ESV, NKJV, KJV, Weber Vulgate Latin, Nova Vulgata Latin, Elberfelder 1985 German, Luther 1545 German, and Reina Valera 1960 Spanish, plus the Septuagint Greek for the Old Testament. If you do not yet read Latin, consult the Douay-Rheims instead of the Vulgate. If the versions agree, just move on. There is little need to do lexical work for those words, since the meaning is universally acknowledged. But where the versions vary significantly, parse and look up the Greek or Hebrew words in respected dictionaries and grammars. Notes on all of the former should be done on scratch paper. (See illustration “Biblical fleeting note”.)
Now decide what you want to remember for posterity and write a brief, well-arranged note in your notebook. Here is an example of a final linguistic note:
22 שׁוֹבֵב "traditionally: backsliding, faithless” (HALOT, though they propose an unconvinving emendation); “backsliding” (KJV, NKJV); “faithless” (ESV); “rebellis” (NVul, Elb, Luth, RVR); “vaga” (Vul); ἠτιμωμένη [disgraced (BDAG ἀτιμόω)] (LXX); ᾑταμίας [unashamed, precocious] (LXX at 49:4, same Hbr word).
Next, use your Biblical Commonplaces to record other information,
such as apparent contradictions and their solutions; significant doctrines that
arise from the text; beautiful, memorable statements of the fathers, including
the Book of Concord and Luther; useful applications; and illustrations. These
do not have to be in any particular order, but the verse number always needs to
be in the left margin so that all the material on any given verse can be found
quickly.
If there are significant cross-references to other Bible
passages, write these in the left margin in parentheses. Then put these into
the volume index with the page number in parentheses. This way it is clear from
the index that these are just cross-references and not entire pages devoted to
the chapter. For example:
2 Tim. | [2] (1)
You can also cross-reference to your biblical commonplaces from
any other commonplace volume, or from your master index, by referring to
volume, page, and Bible reference. For example: VIRGIN BIRTH | βA6
on Jer 31:22.
If you fill up a page, find the next blank page and write the
book and chapter there. At the bottom of the full page, draw a right arrow and
write the page number of the new page, and on the new page at the top inside
margin, draw a left arrow and the page number of the old, full page. If pages
of the same chapter stand beside each other, simple arrows without page numbers
suffice. (See illustration “Biblical content”.)
If you desire to study other large, classic texts in a way that is organized by the contents of the document (such as the Book of Concord), then separate notebooks could be kept, with indices and pages organized by document and article.
Systematic Commonplaces
The most basic way to use a commonplace book is as storage for
things you want to find later on. In this case, you put quotations and thoughts
into spaces that are assigned to a particular topic, index your notes, and then
find your notes easily at any time in the future. The more advanced way is as
an external brain, a way to build up deep thinking over time. This requires
more significant cross-referencing and constant reflection on how new notes
support or challenge old notes.
In systematic commonplace books, again, the volume number is a
letter. Arrangement is by topic, not by Bible chapter. Pages are assigned not
to specific topics, but to initial letter-initial vowel combinations. For
example, on the page assigned to “Co” one would put notes concerning
“CONFESSION” “COMMUNION” and “COMMONPLACES.” The first two pages are devoted to
a volume index. This index includes each letter of the alphabet, with all six
vowels for each letter of the alphabet: a, e, i, o, u, y. For example, the
first twelve lines of the index would be: Aa, e, i, o, u, y; Ba, e, i, o, u, y.
K and Q are not subdivided by their vowels; all the K words are on the same
page, and all the Q words are on the same page. Thus, K and Q each need only
one line in the index. All words starting with X, Y, or Z are placed on the
same page, so these three letters together are given just one line in the
index. (See illustration “Systematic or Bibliography index”.)
On the content pages, the headword is written in the margin, so that one can easily find the notes that are sought. Leave a line between notes. Each note should be lettered with a lowercase letter, each page starting with “a.” E.g.:
a. BAPTISM OF INFANTS] “Infants are to be baptized because . . .” (Balduin 1618, 48).
This manner of enumeration allows you to refer to specific notes
from anywhere. If “Ba” was page 82 of volume C, the note above would be “C82a.”
This unambiguous, simple reference system is what enables cross-referencing
among all notes in the system.
To add a note to the commonplaces, pick a main topic (a headword
or “commonplace”). Put the main noun first. Be rigorous about this. Otherwise
you will not know where to find things. For example: “Catholicism, Roman” (on
the Ca page); “Orthodoxy, Eastern” (on the Oo page); “Federation, Lutheran
World” (on the Fe page); “Synod, Lutheran Church Missouri” (on the Sy page);
“Councils, Ecumenical” (on the Co page). Then you will add cross references
back (A2b <--) and forward (--> B3c) to other related notes, and to
miscellaneous references (cf. C4d).
In theology, there are well-defined categories that have been
used for centuries and millenia. These are useful for structuring theological
thought. This is why I recommend that you select a headword (commonplace) for
each entry, even if other headwords might be just as apt. Begin by picking
headwords that correspond to classic theological categories. Then, in the
future you can invent new headwords and cross-reference to them. For now, simply
put notes where they seem to fit. Ask: “What is this about? How will I want to
find this later?” Pick the headword that seems to fit best and put the note in
the page for that letter-vowel combination. Do not pick keywords that are
overly specific. For example “Prayer, Intercessory” is a good topic. “Prayer,
Intercessory, is Limited Sometimes” is too specific. Then, think through
whether the note connects with other notes that you have entered into the
commonplace books, and add cross-references, possibly with new notes that explain
the connection. Finally, if the new note does not cross-reference to any
previous content, add references to this note in your master index, wherever
you think it fits. For example, a note on parenting is on the “Pa” page. There
are no other commonplace notes on parenting. Enter the reference in the master
index not just under “parenting” but also under “chastisement” and
“discipline.”
What to put in the commonplace book? Excerpts, cross-references,
and notes. Excerpts: For books that are rare or that you do not own, you may
want to write out quotations in your commonplace books, because in the future you will not have the original books to refer to. But do not just write excerpts.
Also summarize the content in your own words and make connections with other
content in your commonplaces.
Cross-references: There is no need to write out whole Bible
verses or Book of Concord passages. Just give a reference with a brief
indication of its content in your own words. But if you love the passage and
want to memorize it, go ahead and write it down in full. Books that you own do
not need to be quoted verbatim unless the quote is beautiful, memorable, or
contentious. Instead, give a literature reference with a brief sentence of what
the passage is about. E.g.:
LAW'S THIRD USE] Luther affirms the third use of the Law, but it is contested whether he used this expression (LW 72:123).
CAESAROPAPISM] Gerhard claims that the civil magistrate has a unique role in the call process (Gerhard 2017, 123).
For literature references, I suggest using Turabian’s author-date
style, since it does not require footnotes, which are difficult in an analog
system. But since there would be ambiguity if an author has more than one title
per year, it is sometimes necessary to add a word from the title, e.g. Gerhard
2017 Interp., 104; Ahrens 2017 Smart, 100.
Notes: In your daily Bible reading, always be looking for
something to index. But even more importantly, if something seems worth
remembering, write down why it seems significant, and write down all the
possible headwords that pertain. This can become a short entry in your
commonplaces. You would explain what the Bible passage says and why it is
applicable to this headword.
At the beginning of making your commonplace system, you might not
have anything to cross-reference with your new notes. But soon you will be able
to cross-refernece to notes that are potentially related. For example, I can
put a new note on Jer. 23:16–17, 21–22, 36 in the commonplaces with the headword
CHARISMATICS, but then must cross-reference it to REVELATION and PROPHECY, and
maybe even BIBLIOMANCY (since my note says that this passage stands against
charismatics, who claim immediate revelation). If I do not feel like writing
new notes for all of those headwords, I will just add entries in my master
index pointing to this note in the commonplaces. (See illustration “Systematic
content”.)
Bibliography
Every book or article you read should be entered into your
bibliography. While software is a good way to handle bibliography for many
people, here I will discuss analog bibliography notebooks. Bibliography
notebooks are numbered by letter, preceded by the Greek letter δ (an arbitrary
symbol, to enable succinct cross-referencing). At the start of the bibliography
notebook, make a letter-vowel index in the same way as was done for the
systematic commonplace books. (See illustration “Systematic or Bibliography
index,” above.) Entries are organized by the author’s last name. So both “Smith, John”
and “Schmidt, Johann” will be placed on a page labelled “Si”. Whenever a new
page is labelled, add it to the volume index. Pages are assigned to
letter-vowel combinations as needed, from the beginning to the end of the
notebook.
Use a standard format, such as Turabian. Turabian author-date
style is well-suited to analog notebooks, since there is no need to use
footnotes.
Immediately after reading a book or article, write a few
sentences (on scratch paper) summarizing the work. Then add the bibliography to
the notebook, followed by your summary, and perhaps a few page numbers to the
book or article with the topics or arguments handled there. Then add key words
in ALL CAPS. It is important to cross-reference to all the topics by which you
might want to find this book or article again. (See illustration “Bibliography
content”.)
After adding the book or article to the bibliography, make permanent notes to add to the commonplaces for whatever you deem worthy to keep, cross-referencing the new notes to everything else in the system that is relevant. This way the article or book will be found again in various contexts.
Master Index
A master index becomes necessary as soon as one has filled up a
few notebooks. It is easy to use a plain text computer file as a master index,
but here I will discuss analog master indices, which can be made gradually and
do not require retyping or rewriting. In a blank notebook, number the pages,
and give one page to each letter-vowel combination, such as Aa, Ae, Ai, Ao, Au,
Ay, and so on. (Give only one page each to K, Q, and XYZ.) This requires 131
pages. In an 80 or 100 sheet notebook, there are then plenty of blank pages,
which can be used as overflow, if one of the original 131 pages is filled.
Then, write the indexed word in the left margin. There is no need to leave a
footer on these pages. If you fill up the last line, indicate on what page this
letter-vowel combination is continued. Use very brief abbreviations for the
Bible and Book of Concord. The only other references needed should be to the
biblical or systematic commonplaces, or the bibliography notebooks (e.g., B89d,
or βA105 on Ps2:9, or δΑ104). Try to keep the index topics general, and develop
specificity within the systematic commonplaces. For example, “Prayer,
Intercessory” is a good index entry. “Prayer, Intercessory, is Limited
Sometimes” is too specific. These volumes do not need a volume index, since the
whole volume is an index. (See illustration “Index volume content”.)
Now for more explanation, see my lecture from May 15, 2023, over at YouTube.
Works Cited
Ahrens, Sönke. 2017. How to
Take Smart Notes: One Simple Technique to Boost Writing, Learning and
Thinking—For Students, Academics and Nonfiction Book Writers. North
Charleston, SC: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform.
See Also
Locke, John. 1706. “A New Method of a Common-Place-Book.” In Posthumous Works of Mr. John Locke,
311–36. London: W.B. https://books.google.com/books?id=ShYPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA311#v=onepage&q&f=false.
Mayes, Benjamin T. G. 2004. “Loci Communes: A Theologian’s Best
Friend: Or, How to Make the Theological Tool of Your Dreams.” Logia: A Journal of Lutheran Theology 13
(3): 7–10.
The Literary Diary: Or,
Improved Common-Place-Book. 1814. London: Taylor and Hessey. https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3NaAAAAcAAJ.
Todd, John. 1835. Index
Rerum, or Index of Subjects; Intended as a Manual, to Aid the Student and the
Professional Man in Preparing Himself for Usefulness. London: Hamilton,
Adams, & Co. https://books.google.com/books?id=srVfAAAAcAAJ.
Benjamin T. G. Mayes
Rogate Sunday, May 14, 2023
